RESUMO
In-shoe models are required to extend the clinical application of current multisegment kinetic models of the bare foot to study the effect of foot orthoses. Work to date has only addressed marker placement for reliable kinematic analyses. The purpose of this study is to address the difficulties of recording contact forces with available sensors. Ten participants walked 5 times wearing two different types of footwear by stepping on a pressure platform (ground contact forces) while wearing in-shoe pressure sensors (foot sole contact forces). Pressure data were segmented by considering contact cells' anteroposterior location, and were used to compute 3D moments at foot joints. The mean values and 95% confidence intervals were plotted for each device per shoe condition. The peak values and times of forces and moments were computed per participant and trial under each condition, and were compared using mixed-effect tests. Test-retest reliability was analyzed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients. The curve profiles from both devices were similar, with higher joint moments for the instrumented insoles at the metatarsophalangeal joint (~26%), which were lower at the ankle (~8%) and midtarsal (~15%) joints, although the differences were nonsignificant. Not considering frictional forces resulted in ~20% lower peaks at the ankle moments compared to previous studies, which employed force plates. The device affected both shoe conditions in the same way, which suggests the interchangeability of measuring joint moments with one or the other device. This hypothesis was reinforced by the intraclass correlation coefficients, which were higher for the peak values, although only moderate-to-good. In short, both considered alternatives have drawbacks. Only the instrumented in-soles provided direct information about foot contact forces, but it was incomplete (evidenced by the difference in ankle moments between devices). However, recording ground reaction forces offers the advantage of enabling the consideration of contact friction forces (using force plates in series, or combining a pressure platform and a force plate to estimate friction forces and torque), which are less invasive than instrumented insoles (which may affect subjects' gait).
Assuntos
Pé , Sapatos , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Marcha , Articulações do Pé , Fenômenos BiomecânicosRESUMO
El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la influencia de la sensibilidad plantar en la mejora de la capacidad de reequilibración y de gestión del movimiento, analizando los mecanismos que permiten valorarla y describiendo los factores que en ella influyen. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la bibliografía publicada entre 2000 y 2016, en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, Sport-Discus y en las referencias citadas en los artículos recuperados, cuyo idioma de publicación fuera español o inglés. Un total de 9 artículos fueron recuperados y analizados. La mayoría de los estudios sugieren que, la retroalimentación sensorial del pie resulta fundamental en el mantenimiento de los patrones generales (posturales y de desplazamiento) y específicos (deportivos). La alteración de la cantidad o calidad de la información aferente plantar no solo parece alterar la creación de los diferentes patrones, sino que podrá incrementar el riesgo de aparición de lesiones (AU)
The objective of this review is to analyse the influence of plantar sensitivity in improving the ability to rebalance and manage movement by analysing the mechanisms available to assess this and describing the factors that influence this. This project required a systematic search of the literature published between 2000 and 2016 in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, as well as the references cited in relevant articles from these sources. The publication languages were Spanish and English, and a total of 9 items were collected and analysed. Most studies suggest that sensory feedback from the foot is essential in maintaining general (postural and displacement) and specific (sport) patterns. Altering the quantity or quality of plantar afferent information not only appears to alter the creation of different patterns but may also increase the risk of injury (AU)
